Thursday, November 28, 2019

Best Entrepreneurship Summer Programs for High School Students

The summer is a great time for students to explore potential academic interests or to delve into extracurricular activities that can help them determine whether an intended major is a subject area they really want to explore in college.This week, we take a look at a few out-of-the-box entrepreneurship summer programs (that still have an open application window) for the high school entrepreneur.BUSINESS / ENTREPRENEURSHIPProbably our broadest category in the sense that you can really do anything, Business majors learn anything from Economics and Statistics to Marketing to Management to Organizational Psychology. As an entrepreneur, you can participate in any of the programs upcoming or create the opportunity you want!Stanford Summer Silicon Valley Innovation Academy Program Highlights: 7 week program focused on creating and working on completing a team-based moonshot project; students will prototype and showcase a final project. Location: Stanford University in Palo Alto, California Requirements: High school transcript, standardized test scores (optional), extracurricular activity resume, 2 personal statement essays, recommendation letter Apply by: Rolling admissions until May 1st, 2019 Cost: $14,426 to $17,054, depending on program (includes tuition for course credit, room board, and all fees) Program website:https://summer.stanford.edu/program/silicon-valley-innovation-academy Business Leadership Immersion at GeorgetownProgram Highlights: 3-week business simulation that takes students through the entire process of starting a company as an entrepreneur. Location: Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. Requirements: 300-500 word personal statement; official academic reference; minimum 2.0 GPA Apply by: May 31st Cost: $6,358 (includes tuition, meals, and room board) Program website:https://summer.georgetown.edu/programs/SHS03/business-academy Business Bootcamp at University of RochesterProgram highlights: Over 3 weeks, students will create their own business plans and practice pitching their ideas as they develop their best business strategies. Location:University of Rochester in Rochester, New York Requirements:short essays; high school transcript; letter of recommendation Apply by:Deadline extended - rolling. Program dates:July 8–26, 2019 Cost:$5,100 (includes tuition and room board) Program website:https://enrollment.rochester.edu/precollege/intensive-studies/ Camp Business at Drexel UniversityProgram Highlights:Campers learn foundational business subjects: accounting, marketing, finance and management as well as the stock market, financial documents, and the role of technology. The weeklong program culminates in a group business case competition. Location: Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Requirements: Application form; letter of recommendation; scholarship application (optional). Preferenceis given to students with outstanding GPAs and standardized test scores (PSAT, ACT, and SAT are considered) as well as active involvement in extracurricular or community service activities. Apply by:May 31st, 2019 Cost:$750 (commuter), $1,500 (residential) Program website:https://www.lebow.drexel.edu/admissions/undergraduate/pre-college-programs/camp-business Berklee/Brown Creative EntrepreneurshipProgram Highlights:Through lectures and workshops with creative entrepreneurs, students will learn how to take an idea from prototype to presentation. Over the course of 2 weeks, students will design a hands-on project. The Berklee portion will allow students to delve into creative environments, such as recording studios and concert stages to learn how the work of artists and creatives provides a model for entrepreneurs. Location: Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island and Berklee College in Boston, Massachusetts Requirements: Short essay (1,500 characters or less) answering: What do you hope to learn about creative entrepreneurship, communication and leadership? What concrete skills, attitudes, or knowledge will you contribute to this program?; academic transcript; relevant websites or products (optional); scholarship application (optional) Apply by: Rolling - fees increase after April 30th Cost: $6,100 Program website:https://precollege.brown.edu/berklee-brown/ ​Of course, as an entrepreneur, you are more than welcome to create your own summer opportunity. Working on your own business or launching a product or service with some friends is a great way to learn on the job and get real world entrepreneurship experience that you dont have to pay for!Plus, entrepreneurship doesnt necessarily mean starting a for-profit business. Working on a community-based project thats born from your initiative or tackling a creative endeavor that requires coordinating resources is in every way entrepreneurial as well. So dont let yourself be limited by what you may at first glance define as entrepreneurship. As long as you work on something you care about over the summer, you can create the opportunities you seekandthatis impressive entrepreneurship.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Exploring Areas of Management Research at Educational Institution Essays

Exploring Areas of Management Research at Educational Institution Essays Exploring Areas of Management Research at Educational Institution Essay Exploring Areas of Management Research at Educational Institution Essay  ¦ Indian Journal of Commerce Management Studies ISSN – 2229-5674 EXPLORING AREAS OF MANAGEMENT RESEARCH AT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION Vaishali Patil Asst. Professor JSPM’s Kautilya Institute of Management Research Wagholi, Pune India Sumati Sidharth Asst. Professor JSPM’s Kautilya Institute of Management Research Wagholi, Pune. India ABSTRACT There has been a tremendous change in the perspective for â€Å"Management Research† in recent years. But too little efforts had been given to explore the new areas where management research will be helpful. Management Research is about searching systematically for solutions to management problems. There are a number of areas where management research can act as a boon and can help us do better work in the related area. Commonly research topics are selected focusing on the organizations perspective, related to the issues or problems which arise in organizations. The purpose of this paper is to explore new areas where management research will be helpful and focus on the issues where management research can make things better. A thought is given to the areas where â€Å"Management† is a new word; involving new concept of management to such areas can help do things in a better manner. Exploring new areas will also help the researcher to work in a variety of field and discover new ways to help the organization to focus on the issues and constructively work on it. A case study of educational institution has been suitably presented in this paper. Keywords: Management Research, Managerial Aanticipation, Academic Culture  ¦ Internationally Indexed Journal  ¦ www. scholarshub. net  ¦ Vol–II , Issue -3 March 2011  ¦ 70  ¦ Indian Journal of Commerce Management Studies INTRODUCTION: ISSN – 2229-5674 Management research in today’s world in any organization is influenced by the society and economics and with rapid growth of global commerce; managers at all level need accurate and timely information, for managerial decision making. Whether the decisions made are technical, tactica l or strategic levels; good, accurate and timely information always leads to better decision. Gathering of information is done through a sound and scientific process i. e. management research. Every now and then organizations spend enormous amount of money for research and development in order to maintain their competitive edge. The research done helps the management or organization to plan different strategies to compete with challenging world. Thus accurate information is obtained through research and leads to enormous benefits of the organization. However with ever changing and challenging environment the problem or the issues related with the different areas and fields have grown in number and scope and complexity over the years, exploring different areas of management research will lead to success. Thus a sophisticated understanding of the various fields of management research can help individuals as well as organizations lead. OBJECTIVE OF EXPLORING AREAS OF MANAGEMENT RESEARCH AT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: 1. Exploring areas of management research at educational institution provide a road map to get more information in the related field. 2. Exploring areas of management research at educational institution will help finding the different areas where improvements can be done at educational institution. 3. Exploring areas of management research will help understand the nature , influences and solutions for the different problems or issues which are raised or may raise in the organization. 4. Exploring areas of management research at educational institution can help achieving the goal by providing a better solution. CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives effectively and efficiently. Management comprises of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, directing and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. As organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action including design to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. Research can be defined as the search for knowledge or as any systematic investigation with an open mind to establish novel facts using scientific method. Thus Management Research can be defined as a form of systematic inquiry that contributes to the knowledge in the field of management. 1. APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT RESEARCH AT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: The topic of promoting and strengthening research activities within educational institution or management schools is familiar around the world today. The management research can help identify the needs to promote and strengthen the educational pattern and the research activities in the educational institution. This will also help understand the nature and scope of management research at educational  ¦ Internationally Indexed Journal  ¦ www. cholarshub. net  ¦ Vol–II , Issue -3 March 2011  ¦ 171  ¦ Indian Journal of Commerce Management Studies ISSN – 2229-5674 institution, the changing expectations from the management research, and the ever growing number of problems or issues before the educational institution. 1. 1 NATURE AND SCOPE OF MANAGEMENT RESAERCH AT EDUC ATIONAL INSTITUTION: Management can be defined as â€Å"the art and science of planning, organizing, directing, controlling and executing human efforts so as to make the best utilization of the available resources to achieve organizational objectives†. However there a various other facets of management which should be taken into consideration, like the need to identify and make available new forms of resources, the need to devise organizational system and practices to facilitate a collaborative spirit among a culturally diverse set of people, the need to evaluate and reform the existing organisations so as to make them more responsive to the new demands on them etc. The other issues at the workplace are the issues of leadership, organisational culture, skill up gradation, process innovation, future-orientation, rganisational renewal, risk management, selection and recruitment, virtual workplaces, relationship with customers, group decision support, changing environment of organisations, social responsibility of organisations, emerging global order guiding the evolution of technology, finance, and trade, and so forth. As far as educational institution are consider the management research can make a lot of difference in improving the working in the educational institution and also help in achieving the ultimate goal of educational institution i. e. better education. 1. EXPECTATION FROM MANAGEMENT RESEARCH AT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION The Educational world is becoming increasingly competitive due to rapid environmental changes and growing number of educational institution. Many educational institutions find it difficult to manage and sustain in today’s scenario and finally collapse. Management research is an important medium that facilitates improvement of leadership qualities and turns out excellent solutions to the problems. The educational institution main role is to help improve and enhance the existing skills while passing on competence and confidence to students with a good knowledge base. Young aspiring students in the educational institution expects to achieve a reputed degree (look for better education) to turn out to be survivors, the educational institution should be able to provide such education to the students so that they should be able to sustain themselves in an environment of intense competition, globalization and ever-evolving technologies. In fact, producing powerful and competitive individuals is the biggest challenge that educational institution worldwide face today. The management research will help explaining the different areas where educational institution can improve and achieve their goal of providing better education. 1. 3 PROBLEMS BEFORE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION: History proves that with the progressing days the new problems emerges even before the old ones could be adequately resolved. Presently, India is placed the third largest higher education system in the world in terms of enrollment. With such a large system, in India education system is in an impoverished condition; the higher education system is not available to the people below poverty. Some common problems of the educational institution are: a. Availability: Though the education system has grown progressively in certain decades but the availability of faculty, funds and sometimes infrastructure is commonly noticed.  ¦ Internationally Indexed Journal  ¦ www. scholarshub. net  ¦ Vol–II , Issue -3 March 2011  ¦ 172  ¦ Indian Journal of Commerce Management Studies ISSN – 2229-5674 b. Changing ownership patterns: Educational institutions are being built up by public-private, private institutions have arrived as ‘high profit areas driven by shortages’. The demand pressures, in particular employment-oriented ones and have shifted the ownership structure of education. Also every now or then the Norms and Regulations keeps changing as per the Governments policy. c. Regional Disparity: Within individual states, the course has been for colleges to open in certain urban areas. For instance Maharashtra, a state where the capacity of higher education institutions is almost high, the combination of availability of certain courses in certain cities is clear cut. More than 50 government colleges in India are in urban centre and not a single one is in rural areas. The regional distinction is not only at a macro level, but also within regions in terms of quality and attention of the institutions. d. The differential nature of educational costs: Altered department is conducted by raising the costs in some areas of higher education. More employment-oriented are explore as an investment for future income generation. Courses that do not guarantee employment remain relatively cheap and this is where the country’s economic difference is reflected, especially in higher education. Increasingly, education which would accomplish future income is becoming available to those who can afford it. Also What motives teachers or faculties to work effectively? How to get productive work from them? Which work system promotes efficiency? How to resolve conflicts, if arises? How to attract students? How to improve decision making under uncertain circumstances? How to set long-term objectives? How to achieve sustainable superior performance over a long period of time? However the problems seem to have grown in number, scope and complexity over the years, one expects that the accumulation of information through management research will lead to general rise in the competence in recognizing and resolving the problems. Every academic institution needs an academically inspiring goal to work for. 2. EMERGING RESPONSIBILITY OF MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: Management became recognized as an area of stud, it is becoming clear that the subject is likely to involve multiple research epitomes. This is perhaps because no unique way has been found that could sufficiently characterize the complex reality associated with the activity (or phenomenon) called management and the role of research with respect to that reality. At one level, there is the concrete external reality of material, money, or manufacturing that could be objectively described. Observations on these could be compared and patterns could be identified, for example, the degree of operational flexibility associated with alternative manufacturing systems or the relationship between financial risk and return. At another level, there is the internal reality of human thought, emotion, behavior, mental models, or the so-called defense mechanisms. This aspect of managerial reality poses unique challenge to the research approaches that depend solely on objective data, i. e. , those obtained through classical observations. Researchers have made use of alternative forms of observation, e. . , participant observation (sometimes using observing participants), unobtrusive observation, etc. Some others have relied on reports (including self-reports) instead of observations. However, there are difficult methodological questions pertaining to the truthfulness and validity of such reports. At yet another level, there is the intermediate reality of social and organisational st ructures that simultaneously shape and are shaped by human behaviour. The methodological issues in studying such intermediate reality are still a major topic of academic debate in management. Although the above does not clarify what the key difficulties in management research are, it supports the position that management research is likely to be multi-paradigmatic in nature. Therefore, the most fundamental responsibility for management research is to allow the healthy flourishing of multiple research epitomes retaining the possibility of a constructive interaction among them.  ¦ Internationally Indexed Journal  ¦ www. scholarshub. net  ¦ Vol–II , Issue -3 March 2011  ¦ 173  ¦ Indian Journal of Commerce Management Studies ISSN – 2229-5674 Management researchers, in their zeal to make a useful contribution, sometimes arrogate to themselves the responsibility of improving practical situations through planned interventions. In certain circumstances this might constitute a type of colonisation of others’ work environment and their life-worlds. It is an responsibility of management research to respect the intentions and interests of those who are supposed to benefit from such research. Many research studies in management often conclude with a set of recommendations. However, researchers are not the only ones producing recommendations. There are other actors who produce recommendation as well, for example, politicians, spiritual leaders, public officials, family heads, and so forth. Of course a researcher might argue that research-based recommendations are superior to other recommendations because of the supporting data and theory. This leaves little space for the other actors to defend their recommendations. In a way, it silences them. This is being viewed as†violence in contemporary thought (e. g. , Lyotard’s notion of Differend ). The violence is particularly serious when the data, theory, and analyses of management research are known to be methodologically deficient in many ways. There is a responsibility for management research to ensure that others’ voices are not silenced in a violent manner. Popular management idea like TQM certainly have their merit but their propounders and advocates fall short of clarifying some of the basic things one needs to know in order to adopt or apply these in a self-conscious and critically-reflective manner. These include the background challenges, questions, problems, and thoughts that gave rise to such idea. Besides, the literature referring to these ideas does not clarify how a critical reader might compare these with the other ideas in management. For example, there is no systematic comparison between TQM and cybernetics or either of these with the idea of interactive management. Therefore, a serious reader (or student) might accept or reject these ideas without being able to explain the rationale behind that decision. What is more significant, a practitioner would not be able to interpret and learn from the experience of deploying these ideas. As a result of these (i. e. uncritical acceptance or rejection, inability to learn from the use of these ideas, etc. ) the ideas themselves are deprived of the necessary intellectual and empirical nourishment, which are nevertheless required to systematically enrich and improve them. It becomes a responsibility of management research to provide this intellectual and empirical nourishment. 2. EXPLORING MANAGEMENT RESEARCH: By distinguishing augme ntation here is a case study to show the possibility of shaping and presenting the individual efforts in a manner that the overall effect of work carries a unique import in some branches of management research. For exploring areas of management research at educational institution two basic factors can be considered i. e. (a) Managerial Anticipation (b) an Academic culture 3. 1 MANAGERIAL ANTICIPATION: Different issues need to be addressed in managing the future of any educational institution. The present environment of the educational institution is characterised by the following trends: (a) Lack of clarity about the Goals of educational institution in general: The notion of education is historically constructed and undergoes evolutionary as well as epochal revisions from time to time. The advent of the 21st century has perhaps fuelled the need for a major revision in the goals and methods of educational Institution. (b) Emergence of several alternative organisational arrangements: With the changing and challenging environment there is emergence of several alternatives for the provision of educational and research services. Examples of such alternatives include corporate universities corpu. com/, course accrediting universities (e. g. , the Wipro University programme in India), Web-based virtual universities http://vu. u-wien. ac. at/english/, global universities worlduniversity. org/,  ¦ Internationally Indexed Journal  ¦ www. scholarshub. net  ¦ Vol–II , Issue -3 March 2011  ¦ 174  ¦ Indian Journal of Commerce Management Studies ISSN – 2229-5674 knowledge ecologies knowledgeecology. com/, learning communities, etc. Many of these alternatives have emerged in the recent past after the Internet has made physical distances less important a nd educational interactions much faster and easier. c) Increasingly new and more complex challenges before the management profession: Those who study the sociology of professions recognise that the management profession is experiencing some kind of a structural readjustment. Two major social tendencies can be recognised immediately: the contraction (or downsizing) of the state apparatus in many societies and the simultaneous expansion of the range of activities of the corporate organisations. Both of these pose an ever-growing list of new challenges before the educational institution. There is a strange expectation among the educated elite in our country and somehow management research can provide the answers to the most vexing and the most intractable social and organisational questions of our times. (d) Process of unprejudiced occurring even in educational institution: Continuing with the above point many of the new models of educational institution emerging now have one feature in common: They tend to provide a direct link between those playing the roles of learner and teacher. This implies that the professional role of the academic is undergoing a transformation. e) Increasing scarcity of the appropriate mix of skills in higher education and research: As a corollary to the above, a new range of skills are becoming necessary for the professional academic. For example: the skills of designing Web-based educational resources, developing educational software, supporting the learner with information management, crafting new educational goals more relevant to the cu rrent reality, specialising on methodologies that build competence in client organisations, reducing the time required to convert useful data to research output, etc. . 2 Academic Culture: Educational institutions can run into corruption in the absence of an academic culture. They become affected by the confusion in the wider society instead of providing a meaningful direction and an inspiring leadership to it. Various non-academic criteria begin to dominate their operation. Several educational institutions in the region and in the whole country have fallen victim to such a process of impairment. I feel academic institutions can improve by paying attention to building academic culture. a) Comprehensiveness: One of the key difficulties in building an academic culture is that one does not know who might be in a position to contribute to it. Therefore, there is an advantage in maintaining an atmosphere of Comprehensiveness. This means that it should be welcoming to anyone interested in participating in it, irrespective of one’s history. However, contemporary institutional designs might require that the person should have demonstrated an interest and a capability to participate in an academic environment. This is difficult to judge. Therefore, we should provide various alternative ways and means through which one can still participate irrespective of one’s history of achievements. (b) Critical thinking: An academic culture is inconceivable without an ambience of critical thinking. An educational institution interested in developing such an ambience has to invent practices and forms of interaction, which promote critical thinking. A spirit of experimentation, an attitude of tolerance, a desire for responsiveness, and recognition of authenticity are necessary to develop such an ambience. c) Reflective practice: Any practice, academic practice included, requires an effort towards continuous improvement. The notion of reflective practice refers to a process by which people, engaged in some creative field of action, pay attention to their practice in a collective and self-reflective manner. In doing this, they study their own actions and their own thinking jointly and explore alternatives for the future. Such a process must be facilitated by an institution. (d) Support: Contemporary academic activity requires various kinds of support. Several educational institutions tend to assume carelessly that they already know what forms of support might be required.  ¦ Internationally Indexed Journal  ¦ www. scholarshub. net  ¦ Vol–II , Issue -3 March 2011  ¦ 175  ¦ Indian Journal of Commerce Management Studies ISSN – 2229-5674 Given the continuously changing nature of academic work in the contemporary world, there is a need to consider new forms of support and provide these as and when these become necessary. (e) Recognition: Like every practitioner, an academic also needs recognition for his or her contributions. Not only does it satisfy and inspire the individual academic, it also strengthens an environment in which mutual respect and appreciation is fostered. The process of giving credit for someone’s contribution also builds trust in a social environment. CONCLUDING REMARKS: The study helps understand the context within which the management research at educational institution can be done and help do things better. It focuses on describing the context by first focusing on the nature and scope of management research, the changing expectations from management research, and the ever-growing number of problems before the educational institutions. It also enlightens the various issues related with educational institutions. This paper will help open new avenues for further research work. REFERENCES: Kothari. C. R. ,Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, Dash D. P. Research in Management, www. google. com www. knowledgeecology. com www. worlduniversity. org www. hrd. org  ¦ Internationally Indexed Journal  ¦ www. scholarshub. net  ¦ Vol–II , Issue -3 March 2011  ¦ 176

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Engineering Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Engineering Management - Research Paper Example An engineer is supposed to study the principles of engineering management if he wants to become a successful professional in the field of engineering because the increasing competition in the market due to the limitations put up by the scarcity of resources has made it mandatory for the engineers for have a basic knowledge of management and planning strategies which were deemed as unnecessary for the engineers in past. Engineers are supposed to develop a knowledge of financial management, marketing strategies, risk management in addition to project management techniques in order to excel in the field of engineering and this knowledge should be gained before going out in the field (Shainis, Dekom & McVinney, 1995). I got my first experience of working as an engineer when I worked as a chemical engineering intern in a fertilizer plant. My stay at the organization and the plant was very knowledgeable experience as I managed to spend some time in each of the various operational sections of the organization. My knowledge of the various engineering management sessions helped me a lot during the planning and execution of the various projects which were assigned to me during my work at various sections in the organization and I managed to complete all of the projects whether they were related to research, design or operation with great success and thus I realized the importance of the study of engineering principles in order to become a successful engineering professional.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Observation study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Observation study - Essay Example Introduction Tim Hortons cafe is one of the most populated cafe in the New York region. There are various branches of the cafe in New York area, and still several in the Rochester region (Nelson, 2009). They emanate from a chain of business cafes operating under the same name from Canada. In the USA, Tim Hortons cafe has opened over 800 branches. Tim Hortons cafe, 1508 Buffalo Rd, Rochester, NY 14624 is one of the cafe from the Tim Hortons chain of cafes (Craves, 2007). Methodology To be able to determine why Tim Hortons cafe has many customers than many other cafes and restaurants in the region, a structured qualitative observation methodology was applied. In this study, 45 minutes of full-time observation were utilized, during a Wednesday evening, starting 5: 30 pm to 6:15 pm. The location was particularly selected due to its popularity, as well as the access, since it is situated on the Buffalo road. Structured observation entailed the observation of different activities within th e cafe, including the way the customer arrive and leave the cafe, the time taken since a customer’s arrival to the time the customer is served, and the nature of the service that the customers in this cafe are offered. ... en, since the pre-selection of some participants would render the study skewed towards the desirable characteristics and relationships between the employees and the customers. Therefore, a random sampling method of participants was applied, to ensure that the observational study will be accurate and no desirable social characteristics are elicited on either the customer participants or the employee participants. The selected participants were representative of every aspect of demographic characteristics. Thus, the participants were selected from different ages, gender and racial groups, as well as perceived different economic classes. To establish why customers like Tim Hortons cafe, the researcher looked for the following: 1. The arrival and departure rate of customers 2. Customer-to-employee relationship in terms of language and communication 3. The service time gap between when the customer arrives and when they are served 4. The opening and closing schedule of the cafe 5. The pri cing strategy of the cafe Data and Measurement For the purpose of accuracy of the data collected, the data measurement applied two methods, namely structured observation as well as brief interviewing. This combination was resulted to, after a session of debating that found that observation alone was not adequate for the nature of the study, since simply observing the atmosphere of the cafe, the nature of the relationship between the employee and the customers, as well as the pricing of the cafe would not give plausible and adequate information regarding the other innate reasons that attracts the customers to the cafe. Therefore, interviewing was resulted to, as a complimentary method, to compliment the information obtainable through observation, for the sake of clarification and certainty,

Monday, November 18, 2019

Business management work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business management work - Essay Example Economic recessions and periods of growth are noticeable and instantaneous demonstration of change, which have a direct consequence on the experience of employees, households as well as work organizations, and would be drawn upon in any elucidation of actual events. Though, fluctuations in the economy, significant though they are, have to be renowned from fundamental trends which might cause pressures towards a more basic reshaping of social institutions. Here we would categorize a series of associated developments which have frequently been discussed under the general rubric of a supposed transition from 'Fordism' to 'post-Fordism'; i.e., a shift from the predominance of economies driven by manufacturing industries characterized by a mass, somewhat homogeneous, semi-skilled workforce, towards economies dominated by employment in services, linked with a more heterogeneous, fragmented workforce. These 'ideal-typical' production systems have their organizational associates. Large-scale productive activities were escorted by bureaucratic systems of personnel administration and steady organizational careers. The growth of flexible production systems, it is argued, has been escorted by organizational 'delayering' and the turning down of the long-term, single organization, career. The move to service employment ca... For instance, in Britain, employment in services has grown from fifty-three per cent of total employment in 1971, to seventy-three per cent in 1993. Developments in technology have been of substantial importance in facilitating flexible systems of production and work organization in services, which by their very nature frequently have to be accessible outside the 'standard hours' linked with the 'standard worker'. In addition the product of service work the service needs the exercise of different qualities and skills, often of an interpersonal nature compared with those linked with manual and low-level work in manufacturing industry. The coming out of new occupations, and the restructuring of old occupations and skills, has produced new problems of control, classification and regulation. During an industrial era (in the West) dominated by large-scale manufacturing industry, the regulatory systems which emerged leaned to be dominated by those established in the leading industries, even though there were, certainly, noteworthy cross-national variations in this regard. 'Fordism' and the supremacy of manual trade unions have as well been associated to Keynesian economic strategies of demand management and other forms of macroeconomic intervention. In Britain, the Conservative government has since 1979 rejected such efforts to regulate the economy, and has been committed to a fundamental market philosophy, endorsing increased labour market flexibility. Therefore succeeding Conservative governments have hunted to remove or privatize welfare protections and regulatory institutions, to rouse the market for labour and skills by dropping rates of income tax at the upper levels, as well as to shift the balance between direct and indirect

Friday, November 15, 2019

Party System in the US Analysis

Party System in the US Analysis NATURE OF THE PARTY SYSTEM This paper examines the nature of the party system in United States. This paper further identifies the reasons for the weaknesses of the American parties. The nature of the American party system is the two-party system. This is a party system whereby there are two dominant political parties that dominate the politics of a given state. Under the two party systems, one of the parties would hold a majority seat in the legislature. This party is referred to as the majority party (Wilkins Stark, 2011). On the other hand, the party that has fewer members in the legislature is normally referred to as the minority party. This concept of the two party systems has different meaning, depending on the type of the political system that a state has. For instance, under the presidential system of governance, it describes a situation whereby all elected officials belong to either one of the two dominant parties within the state. Third or more parties exist, but they rarely win an election (Hug, 2001). Because of these types of arrangements, a two party system normally leads to election rules such as a winner take all concepts. In a two party system, the chances of a candidate to win an elective post, for a major position are always difficult. However, these smaller parties have the capability of influencing the dominant parties that exists within the state. In contrast to a parliamentary system such as that of the United Kingdom, the two party system is an arrangement whereby two parties dominate an election, but there are the existence of other parties that win an election in their legislatures (Herrnson Green, 2002). The American politics is dominated by the Republicans, and the Democrats. Despite the dominance of these two parties, there is a third party referred to as the Tea Party. It is important to explain that the tea party does not dominate the American political system, and this is because its candidates have never won any American major political seat, such as the Presidency, or even a Governors position (Janiskee Masugi, 2007). The dominance of the Republicans and the Democrats in the American political system has existed for more than 100 years, where the Presidents are either elected from the Republican party, or from the Democrat Party. Currently, the American President is Barrack Obama, and he emanates from the Democrat Party. His predecessor was George Bush, who was elected from the Republican Party (Strangio Dyrenfurth, 2009). In as much as the Tea Party is not dominant, this party has the capability of influencing government policies, and the activities of the other two leading parties. On a specific note, the Tea Party has a considerable influence on the Republican Party. For instance, in 2013, the members of the Tea Party were able to collaborate with the Republicans for purposes of shutting down the government of President Obama. This is in their bid to oppose the health care policies that were being advocated by President Obama. Based on these facts therefore, we can denote that the nature of the American party system is the two party systems. The domination of the Republican Party and the Democrat Party, and the influence of a smaller party, the Tea Party, satisfies the definition of a two party system in a presidential system. A two party system has a number of advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages of the American two party systems is the fact that they provide information that is easily understandable to the American voters. Through these actions, the two parties are able to create order in the political system, and this is through a representation of a wide political ideologies or philosophy of the party. For instance, in the 2012 elections, campaigns between Republican nominee, Mitt Romney, and the Democrat nominee, President Obama, the two candidates were able to present the ideologies and philosophies of their parties. The second advantage of the American party system, is that it gives a stable balance through the accommodation of various interests and opinions. The Republicans and the Democrats have different organs and interests groups within them, and therefore, these parties normally accommodate then interests of these groups. This is for purposes of receiving a wide support from them. Finally, the two party systems enable citizens of America to participate in the political process of the nation (Disch, 2002). This enables its citizens to take part in the process of governance, through the political system. This is unlike in China, where it is only the communist party that can take part in the governance process, and people cannot express their own opinion, rather than that of the party (Paulson, 2006). In a critique of the American two party systems, Baumgartner Jones (2009) explains that it plays a role in downplaying the emergence of alternative views, and it create the political competition to be less competitive. Furthermore, the American two party system manages to create a sense of voter apathy, and this is mainly because only two views are presented at the ballot box (Lye Hofmeister, 2011). This creates a perception that choices are limited, and hence it does not contribute to an extensive political debate within the country. Furthermore, the concepts of the winner takes it all, normally discourages other independent candidates from engaging in the political process. This is because if they lose elections, there is no way they would benefit. Bibby Maisel (2003) explains that because of the disadvantages of the two party system, there has been a weakening of the American political parties in the recent times. This is because power and money shifts from political organizations, to informal interest groups, and ad hoc committees. Furthermore, the emergence of grass root movements, and the decentralization of the structures of the party plays an influential role in the weakening of the parties (Lasser, 2012). Furthermore, the large amounts of money that are collected by candidates normally do not pass through the official structures of the party. This means that candidates are independent of the influences of the party, and this is because they are able to control their own campaign funds, instead of depending on the party for finances (Mckay, 2013). Furthermore, the American political system is populist, and this is because candidates are more concerned with their reputation with voters, as opposed to their reputation with the leadership of the party. Based on these facts, senators and congressmen normally vote against the interest of their parties, on most occasions. This is because most politicians normally seek to respond to the strong emotional feelings, of the public, in regard to particular or certain issues. Furthermore, American voters do not vote in blocks, and this means that they are likely to belong to the two dominant parties in the United States (Sartori Mair, 2005). Therefore, these voters are not easily influenced by powerful and influential political figures. However, candidates who have a strong grassroots support, and who have the capability of buying advertisement time, can play a significant role in influencing voters. Furthermore, money also plays a role in the weakening of the American political system. This is because candidates who have a lot of money can gain instant reputation, and make a name for them. Furthermore, a movement that has the capability of energizing the public, would manage to endorse its own for a political office. An example is the 2008 primaries between Barrack Obama and Hillary Clinton, where Obama triumphed over the party establishment that were supporting Hillary Clinton (Valelly, 2013). Another example is the tea party victories in the senatorial primaries held by the Republican. This is an indication of the weakening of the Republican Party. Furthermore, the lack of a strong party structure is a factor that strongly contributes to the weakening of the American political parties (Welch, 2010). This is because parties have to look for donors to finance their campaigns, and this includes lobby groups, who can have a role in influencing the candidates to develop a policy that is advantageous to them. In conclusion, the nature of the American party system is the two party system. The political system is dominated by the Republicans and the Democrats. However, the current century has seen the weakening of the American parties. This is mainly because of the populist nature of the American political system, and a weak party structure that requires candidates to raise their own campaign money. This makes these candidates to be vulnerable to their donors, and mostly because they would be advocating for their interests. Furthermore, because of the populist nature of the American political system, candidates are not loyal to the party, but to the voters. This means that on most occasions, candidates would vote against the interests of their parties. This is because they want to gain a positive image that is attractive to their voters. The dominance of the Republicans and the Democrats parties has existed for more than 100 years, and this means that Presidents normally come from any of th e two parties identified. Bibliography: Top of Form BAUMGARTNER, F. R., JONES, B. D. (2009). Agendas and instability in American politics. Bottom of Form Top of Form BIBBY, J. F., MAISEL, L. S. (2003). Two parties-or more?: the American party system. Boulder, Colo, Westview Press. Top of Form DISCH, L. J. (2002). The tyranny of the two-party system. New York, Columbia University Press. Top of Form JANISKEE, B. P., MASUGI, K. (2007). Democracy in California: politics and government in the Golden State. Lanham, Md, Rowman Littlefield. Bottom of Form Top of Form HERRNSON, P. S., GREEN, J. C. (2002). Multiparty politics in America: prospects and performance. Lanham, MD, Rowman Littlefield. Top of Form HUG, S. (2001). Altering party systems: strategic behavior and the emergence of new political parties in Western democracies. Ann Arbor, Univ. of Michigan Press. Top of Form LASSER, W. (2012). Perspectives on American politics. Boston, Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Bottom of Form Top of Form LYE, L. F., HOFMEISTER, W. (2011). Political parties, party systems, and democratization in East Asia. Singapore, World Scientific. Top of Form MCKAY, D. H. (2013). American politics and society. American Politics and Society. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell. Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form PAULSON, A. C. (2006). Electoral realignment and the outlook for American democracy. Hanover [u.a.], Univ. Press of New England. Top of Form SARTORI, G., MAIR, P. (2005). Parties and party systems: a framework for analysis. Colchester, ECPR. Bottom of Form Top of Form STRANGIO, P., DYRENFURTH, N. (2009). Confusion the making of the Australian two- party system. Carlton, Vic, Melbourne University Publishing. Top of Form VALELLY, R. M. (2013). American politics: a very short introduction. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form WELCH, S. (2010). Understanding American government. Boston, MA, Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Top of Form WILKINS, D. E., STARK, H. K. (2011). American Indian politics and the American political system. Lanham, Md, Rowman Littlefield. Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form Bottom of Form

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Bacchae Essay -- essays research papers

In The Bacchae, Euripedes portrays the character of Pentheus as an ignorant, stubborn, and arrogant ruler. These character flaws accompanied with his foolish decisions set the stage for his tragic downfall. Pentheus' blatant disregard to all warnings and incidents, which prove that Dionysus is truly a god, lead him to his own death. In the end, his mistakes are unforgiving and his punishment is just.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the play, the audience cannot help but feel merciless towards Pentheus. In his opening scene, Pentheus does not heed the warnings bestowed upon him by Teiresias and Cadmus. Before Pentheus even meets Dionysus, Teiresias offers him wise advice: 'So, Pentheus listen to me. Do not mistake the rule of force for true power. Men are not shaped by force. Nor should you boast of wisdom, when everyone but you can see how sick your thoughts are. Instead, welcome this God to Thebes. Exalt him with wine, garland your head and join the Bacchic revels'(19). Cadmus carefully tries to persuade his grandson by adding, 'For even if you are right and this God is not a God, why say it? Why not call him one? You have everything to gain from such a lie'(20). Pentheus shows no respect for the elderly or their wisdom by replying, 'Go! Run to your Bacchic revels. I want none of your senile folly rubbing off on me!'(21). This response alone reveals a great deal about his disposition. He will not let any 'old fools' tell him what to do. However, it is ironic that Pentheus' rejection of the advice of these 'old fools' proves to be his first step towards his fatal end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next scene brings Pentheus and Dionysus face to face. Pentheus starts the conversation thinking he has the upper hand because he has more power over the situation. 'Untie his hands. Now I have him in my net, no amount of agile tricks can help him slip away' (25). However, it is clear to the audience that Dionysus is in control. He is provoking Pentheus by responding with quick, saucy remarks. 'Those who look for filth, can find at the height of noon' (28). Pentheus becomes frustrated. He needs to feel in control so he begins to hurl threats at Dionysus, 'I'll throw you in my dungeon.' Throughout this scene, Dionysus drops numerous hints that he is indeed the son of Zeus, 'He (Dionysus) is here now. He sees what is being done to me' (29). He for... ...gh. He has given Pentheus numerous warnings and opportunities to obey and worship him. Pentheus, due to his exceeding incompetence, has overlooked all of them. Because of his refusal to conform, he deserves punishment and it is a fate the audience has come to welcome. Dionysus now takes control over Pentheus and his all his actions. He humiliates Pentheus by dressing him in women's dress and parading him throughout Thebes. Dionysus then leads him up to Mount Cithaeron where he is caught spying on the Bacchae by his crazed mother, Agave. She proceeds to tear him to shreds with her bare hands. This is the end for Pentheus, and ultimately, due to his constant ignorance, a just death. Although the punishment may seem rather harsh, the audience is appeased by Pentheus' death. Pentheus is incapable of making any sensible decisions. His arrogance and controlling nature is apparent in every action and choice he makes. Pentheus rejects so many hints and opportunities to realize Dionysus' real identity. In his refusal to pick up the signals, he accepts his fate: death by the hands of his own mother. It is almost as if his death, through his refusal to act sensibly, is a form of suicide.